A Brief Review on Different Chromatographic Techniques

Abstract

Chromatographic techniques are crucial analytical tools for identifying, separating, and quantifying complex chemical mixtures in numerous scientific and commercial contexts. This article addresses the essential chromatographic techniques, which include High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC), Gas Chromatography (GC), and Liquid Chromatography (LC). Additionally, it delves into their benefits, real-world uses, and underlying ideas. Liquid and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are more suited to thermally unstable and non-volatile substances than gas chromatography (GC), which is best used for volatile molecules. It is still feasible to do inexpensive, rapid qualitative evaluations using TLC. The review highlights various advances that have greatly enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of chromatography, such as the integration of mass spectrometry (MS), ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), and automation powered by artificial intelligence (AI). Chromatography is also discussed in terms of its role in scientific discovery and regulatory compliance, as well as its relevance to environmental monitoring, forensic investigation, food safety, and pharmaceuticals. Research into automation, miniaturization, hybrid techniques, and sustainable chromatographic tactics to boost productivity while reducing environmental impact should be the focus of future studies if analytical science is to continue making strides forward.