Quantitative Analysis of Nanoparticles in Complex Biological Matrices: Insights from Preclinical Studies

Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as crucial agents in biomedical applications, including drug delivery, imaging, and diagnostics. Accurate quantification of nanoparticles in complex biological matrices, such as blood, tissue, and organs, is essential for understanding their biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and toxicological profiles. This review comprehensively examines analytical methodologies employed in preclinical animal studies for nanoparticle quantification, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and suitability for different nanoparticle types. Key findings indicate that while techniques like inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and fluorescence-based imaging provide sensitive and reliable results, challenges persist in matrix interferences, sample preparation, and detection limits. The review emphasizes the importance of methodological standardization and proposes future directions to enhance quantitative accuracy, reproducibility, and translational relevance.